Example 1:

• Specify a population and samples relevant to the following statistical question.
  • What is the average GPA for a student at Monmouth?

Problem 1:

• Specify a population and samples relevant to the following statistical questions.
  1. What is the average income of a female software engineer?
  2. What proportion of Americans support Trump’s decision to withhold Federal funding until funding for a wall on the US / Mexico border is secured?

Respond here.

Example 2:

• Determine the parameter of interest in the population, and a relevant statistic of a sample.
  • What is the average GPA for a student at Monmouth?

Problem 2:

• Determine the parameters of interest in the populations, and relevant statistics of the samples.
  1. What is the average income of a female software engineer?
  2. What proportion of Americans support Trump’s decision to withhold Federal funding until funding for a wall on the US / Mexico border is secured?

Respond here.

Example 3:

• Classify each of the following measurement as quantitative or qualitative, and if quantitative as continuous or discrete.
  1. Height in feet
  2. Letter grade from \(\{A, B, C, ..., F\}\)
  3. Numerical grade from \([0, 100]\)
  4. Temperature in celcius
  5. Amount of money in a tip jar.

Problem 3:

• Classify each of the following measurement as quantitative or qualitative, and if quantitative as continuous or discrete.
  1. Occupation
  2. Number of cars owned
  3. Salary in dollars
  4. Weight in pounds

Respond here.

Example 4a:

• Study:
  • Dietary carbohydrate intake and mortality: a prospective cohort study and meta-analysis
    • Approx. 15,000 Americans
    • Followed over 25-year period
    • Tracked mortality (whether or not someone died)
    • Finding: mortality (deaths) were lower amongst those who ate 50-55% of calories from carbohydrates, compared to those who ate < 40% of calories from carbohydrates.
    • Lowest mortality in those who ate a plant-based diet.
• Q: Is this an experimental or observational study?

Example 4b:

• Study:
  • Effect of Low-Fat vs Low-Carbohydrate Diet on 12-Month Weight Loss in Overweight Adults and the Association With Genotype Pattern or Insulin Secretion
    • 609 participants.
    • Assigned (intervention) to follow either low-carb or low-fat diet for one year.
    • Also provided 22 group sessions on food and nutrition.
    • Tracked weight loss at end of one year.
    • Finding:
    • 11 pounds lost, on average, in low-fat group
    • 13 pounds lost, on average, in high-fat group
• Q: Is this an experimental or observational study?

Problem 4:

• Study:
  • Texting Frequency and The Moral Shallowing Hypothesis
  • 2314 18- to 22-year-olds were surveyed about their frequency of texting and administered a questionnaire on their life goals.
  • Finding:
    • Self-reported texting frequency was:
      • positively associated with measures of outgroup prejudice and materialism
      • negatively associated with measures of morally engaged reflective thought
    • Taken as evidence that “texting causes shallowness in teens and young adults.”

• Q: Is this an experimental or observational study?

• Q: Can you think of any confounders that might explain the observed association?

Respond here.